<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<section article="gcl" article_name="Commercial Law" number="8-114" title_number="8" title_name="Investment Securities" subtitle_number="1" subtitle_name="Short Title and General Matters">
  <text>The following rules apply in an action on a certificated security against the issuer:</text>
  <level label="1">
    <text>Unless specifically denied in the pleadings, each signature on a security certificate or in a necessary indorsement is admitted.</text>
  </level>
  <level label="2">
    <text>If the effectiveness of a signature is put in issue, the burden of establishing effectiveness is on the party claiming under the signature, but the signature is presumed to be genuine or authorized.</text>
  </level>
  <level label="3">
    <text>If signatures on a security certificate are admitted or established, production of the certificate entitles a holder to recover on it unless the defendant establishes a defense or a defect going to the validity of the security.</text>
  </level>
  <level label="4">
    <text>If it is shown that a defense or defect exists, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the plaintiff or some person under whom the plaintiff claims is a person against whom the defense or defect cannot be asserted.</text>
  </level>
</section>
