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<section article="gcr" article_name="Criminal Law" number="8-104" title_number="8" title_name="Fraud and Related Crimes" subtitle_number="1" subtitle_name="Bad Checks">
  <level label="a">
    <text>The drawer or representative drawer is presumed to know that there are insufficient funds whenever the drawer of a check has insufficient funds with the drawee to cover the check and other outstanding checks when issuing the check.</text>
  </level>
  <level label="b">
    <text>The drawer or representative drawer of a dishonored check is presumed to have intended or believed that the check would be dishonored on presentment if:</text>
    <level label="1">
      <text>the drawer had no account with the drawee when issuing the check; or</text>
    </level>
    <level label="2">
      <level label="i">
        <text>when issuing the check, the drawer had insufficient funds with the drawee to cover the check and other outstanding checks;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="ii">
        <text>the check was presented to the drawee for payment not more than 30 days after the date of issuing the check; and</text>
      </level>
      <level label="iii">
        <text>the drawer had insufficient funds with the drawee at the time of presentment.</text>
      </level>
    </level>
  </level>
  <level label="c">
    <text>A notice of protest of a check, or a certificate under oath of an authorized representative of the drawee declaring the dishonor of a check, the drawer’s lack of an account, or that the drawer had insufficient funds introduced in evidence is presumptive evidence, that:</text>
    <level label="1">
      <text>the check was dishonored by the drawee; and</text>
    </level>
    <level label="2">
      <text>the drawer had:</text>
      <level label="i">
        <text>no account with the drawee when the check was issued; or</text>
      </level>
      <level label="ii">
        <text>insufficient funds with the drawee at the time of presentment and issuing of the check.</text>
      </level>
    </level>
  </level>
  <level label="d">
    <text>The fact that a drawer or representative drawer, without the consent of the payee, stopped or countermanded the payment of the check, or otherwise caused the drawee to disregard, dishonor, or refuse to recognize the check without returning or tendering the return of the property obtained, is presumptive evidence that the drawer or representative drawer had the intent when issuing the check to stop or countermand payment or otherwise cause the drawee to disregard, dishonor, or refuse to recognize the check.</text>
  </level>
</section>
