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<section article="gfl" article_name="Family Law" number="9.7-107" title_number="9.7" title_name="Maryland Child Abduction Prevention Act" subtitle_number="1">
  <level label="a">
    <text>In determining whether there is a credible risk of abduction of a child, the court shall consider any evidence that the petitioner or respondent:</text>
    <level label="1">
      <text>has previously abducted or attempted to abduct the child;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="2">
      <text>has threatened to abduct the child;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="3">
      <text>has recently engaged in activities that may indicate a planned abduction, including:</text>
      <level label="i">
        <text>abandoning employment;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="ii">
        <text>selling a primary residence;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="iii">
        <text>terminating a lease;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="iv">
        <text>closing a bank or other financial management account, liquidating assets, hiding or destroying financial documents, or conducting any unusual financial activities;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="v">
        <text>applying for a passport or visa or obtaining travel documents for the respondent, a family member, or the child; or</text>
      </level>
      <level label="vi">
        <text>seeking to obtain the child’s birth certificate or school or medical records;</text>
      </level>
    </level>
    <level label="4">
      <text>has engaged in domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse or neglect;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="5">
      <text>has refused to follow a child custody determination;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="6">
      <text>lacks strong familial, financial, emotional, or cultural ties to the State or the United States;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="7">
      <text>has strong familial, financial, emotional, or cultural ties to another state or country;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="8">
      <text>is likely to take the child to a country that:</text>
      <level label="i">
        <text>is not a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and does not provide for the extradition of an abducting parent or for the return of an abducted child;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="ii">
        <text>is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction but:</text>
        <level label="1">
          <text>the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is not in force between the United States and that country;</text>
        </level>
        <level label="2">
          <text>is noncompliant according to the most recent compliance report issued by the United States Department of State; or</text>
        </level>
        <level label="3">
          <text>lacks legal mechanisms for immediately and effectively enforcing a return order under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction;</text>
        </level>
      </level>
      <level label="iii">
        <text>poses a risk that the child’s physical or emotional health or safety would be endangered in the country because of specific circumstances relating to the child or because of human rights violations committed against children;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="iv">
        <text>has laws or practices that would:</text>
        <level label="1">
          <text>enable the respondent, without due cause, to prevent the petitioner from contacting the child;</text>
        </level>
        <level label="2">
          <text>restrict the petitioner from freely traveling to or exiting from the country because of the petitioner’s gender, nationality, marital status, or religion; or</text>
        </level>
        <level label="3">
          <text>restrict the child’s ability legally to leave the country after the child reaches the age of majority because of a child’s gender, nationality, or religion;</text>
        </level>
      </level>
      <level label="v">
        <text>is included by the United States Department of State on a current list of state sponsors of terrorism;</text>
      </level>
      <level label="vi">
        <text>does not have an official United States diplomatic presence in the country; or</text>
      </level>
      <level label="vii">
        <text>is engaged in active military action or war, including a civil war, to which the child may be exposed;</text>
      </level>
    </level>
    <level label="9">
      <text>is undergoing a change in immigration or citizenship status that would adversely affect the respondent’s ability to remain in the United States legally;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="10">
      <text>has had an application for United States citizenship denied;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="11">
      <text>has forged or presented misleading or false evidence on government forms or supporting documents to obtain or attempt to obtain a passport, a visa, travel documents, a Social Security card, a driver’s license, or any other government–issued identification card or has made a misrepresentation to the United States government;</text>
    </level>
    <level label="12">
      <text>has used multiple names to attempt to mislead or defraud; or</text>
    </level>
    <level label="13">
      <text>has engaged in any other conduct the court considers relevant to the risk of abduction.</text>
    </level>
  </level>
  <level label="b">
    <text>In a hearing on a petition under this title, the court shall consider any evidence that the respondent believed in good faith that the respondent’s conduct was necessary to avoid imminent harm to the child or respondent and any other evidence that may be relevant to whether the respondent may be permitted to remove or retain the child.</text>
  </level>
</section>
