A person subject to this title is a principal, if the person: commits an offense punishable by this title, or aids, abets, counsels, commands, or procures its commission; or causes an act to be done which, if directly performed by the person, would be punishable by this title.

A person subject to this title who, knowing that an offense punishable by this title has been committed, receives, comforts, or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent the offender’s apprehension, trial, or punishment shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

An accused may be found guilty of an offense necessarily included in the offense charged or of an attempt to commit either the offense charged or an offense necessarily included therein.

An act, done with specific intent to commit an offense under this title, amounting to more than mere preparation and tending, even though failing to effect its commission, is an attempt to commit that offense. A person subject to this title who attempts to commit an offense punishable by this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct, unless otherwise specifically prescribed. A person subject to this title may be convicted of an attempt to commit an offense, although it appears on the trial that the offense was consummated.

A person subject to this title who conspires with another person to commit an offense under this title shall, if one or more of the conspirators does an act to effect the object of the conspiracy, be punished as a court–martial may direct.

Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person subject to this title who solicits or advises another to commit an offense under this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who solicits or advises another to violate § 13A–1009 or § 13A–1021 of this subtitle: if the offense solicited or advised is attempted or is committed, shall be punished with the punishment provided for the commission of the offense; and if the offense solicited or advised is not attempted or committed, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, with the intent to avoid work, duty, or service: feigns illness, physical disablement, mental lapse, or mental derangement; or intentionally inflicts self–injury.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is ordered into medical quarantine by a person authorized to issue such order; and with knowledge of the quarantine and the limits of the quarantine, goes beyond those limits before being released from the quarantine by proper authority.

A member of the State military forces is guilty of desertion if the member: without authority, goes or remains absent from the member’s unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to remain away therefrom permanently; quits the member’s unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service; or without being regularly separated from one of the State military forces: enlists or accepts an appointment in the same or another one of the State military forces, or in one of the uniformed services, without fully disclosing the fact that the member has not been regularly separated; or enters any foreign armed service except when authorized by the United States. A commissioned officer of the State military forces who, after tender of the officer’s resignation and before notice of its acceptance, quits the officer’s post or proper duties without leave and with intent to remain away therefrom permanently is guilty of desertion. A person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by confinement of not more than 10 years or such other punishment as a court–martial may direct. A person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert other than in time of war shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, without authority: fails to go to the person’s appointed place of duty at the time prescribed; goes from that place; or leaves or remains absent from the person’s unit, organization, or place of duty at which the person is required to be at the time prescribed.

A person subject to this title who through neglect or design misses the movement of a ship, aircraft, or unit with which the person is required in the course of duty to move shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who wrongfully and intentionally jumps into the water from a vessel in use by the armed forces shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: resists apprehension; flees from apprehension; breaks arrest; or escapes from custody or confinement.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is placed in correctional custody by a person authorized to do so; while in correctional custody, is under physical restraint; and escapes from the physical restraint before being released from the physical restraint by proper authority. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is placed in correctional custody by a person authorized to do so; while in correctional custody, is under restraint other than physical restraint; and goes beyond the limits of the restraint before being released from the correctional custody or relieved of the restraint by proper authority. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is ordered to be restricted to certain limits by a person authorized to do so; and with knowledge of the limits of the restriction, goes beyond those limits before being released by proper authority.

A commissioned officer shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the officer uses contemptuous words against: the President; the Vice President; Congress; the Secretary of Defense; the secretary of a military department; the Secretary of Homeland Security; the Governor; or the General Assembly.

A person subject to this title who behaves with disrespect toward that person’s superior commissioned officer shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who strikes that person’s superior commissioned officer or draws or lifts up any weapon or offers any violence against that officer while the officer is in the execution of the officer’s office shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who willfully disobeys a lawful command of that person’s superior commissioned officer shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

Any warrant officer or enlisted member shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the warrant officer or enlisted member: strikes or assaults a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer while that officer is in the execution of the officer’s office; willfully disobeys the lawful order of a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer; or treats with contempt or is disrespectful in language or deportment toward a warrant officer or noncommissioned officer while that officer is in the execution of the officer’s office.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: violates or fails to obey a lawful general order or regulation; having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by a member of the State military forces that is the person’s duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or is derelict in the performance of the person’s duties.

A person subject to this title who is guilty of cruelty toward, or oppression or maltreatment of, any person subject to the person’s orders shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Applicant for military service” means a person who, under regulations prescribed by the secretary concerned, is an applicant for original enlistment or appointment in the armed forces. “Military recruiter” means a person who, under regulations prescribed by the secretary concerned, has the primary duty to recruit persons for military service. “Prohibited sexual activity” means, as specified in regulations prescribed by the secretary concerned, inappropriate physical intimacy under circumstances described in such regulations. “Specially protected junior member of the armed forces” means: a member of the armed forces who is assigned to, or is awaiting assignment to, basic training or other initial active duty for training, including a member who is enlisted under a delayed entry program; a member of the armed forces who is a cadet, an officer candidate, or a student in any other officer qualification program; or a member of the armed forces in any program that, by regulation prescribed by the secretary concerned, is identified as a training program for initial career qualification. “Training leadership position” means, with respect to a specially protected junior member of the armed forces: a drill instructor position or other leadership position in a basic training program, an officer candidate school, a reserve officers’ training corps unit, a training program for entry into the armed forces, or any program that, by regulation prescribed by the secretary concerned, is identified as a training program for initial career qualification; or faculty and staff of the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, or the United States Coast Guard Academy. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is an officer or a noncommissioned officer; is in a training leadership position with respect to a specially protected junior member of the armed forces; and engages in prohibited sexual activity with such specially protected junior member of the armed forces. Any person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is a military recruiter and engages in prohibited sexual activity with an applicant for military service; or is a military recruiter and engages in prohibited sexual activity with a specially protected junior member of the armed forces who is enlisted under a delayed entry program. Consent is not a defense for any conduct at issue in a prosecution under this section.

A person subject to this title is guilty of mutiny if the person, with intent to usurp or override lawful military authority, refuses, in concert with another person, to obey orders or otherwise do the person’s duty or creates any violence or disturbance. A person subject to this title is guilty of sedition if the person, with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of lawful civil authority, creates, in concert with another person, revolt, violence, or other disturbance against that authority. A person subject to this title is guilty of failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition if the person fails to do the person’s utmost to prevent and suppress a mutiny or sedition being committed in the person’s presence, or fails to take all reasonable means to inform the person’s superior commissioned officer or commanding officer of a mutiny or sedition that the person knows or has reason to believe is taking place. A person who is found guilty of attempted mutiny, mutiny, sedition, or failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A sentinel or lookout who is drunk on post, who sleeps on post, or who leaves post before being regularly relieved, shall be punished by such punishment as a court–martial may direct. A sentinel or lookout who loiters or wrongfully sits down on post shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who, knowing that another person is a sentinel or lookout, uses wrongful and disrespectful language that is directed toward and within the hearing of the sentinel or lookout, who is in the execution of duties as a sentinel or lookout, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who, knowing that another person is a sentinel or lookout, behaves in a wrongful and disrespectful manner that is directed toward and within the sight of the sentinel or lookout, who is in the execution of duties as a sentinel or lookout, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who, except as provided by law or regulation, apprehends, arrests, or confines another person shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person willfully and unlawfully: alters, conceals, removes, mutilates, obliterates, or destroys a public record; or takes a public record with the intent to alter, conceal, remove, mutilate, obliterate, or destroy the public record.

A person shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: procures the person’s own enlistment or appointment in the armed forces by knowing false representation or deliberate concealment as to the person’s qualifications for that enlistment or appointment and receives pay or allowances thereunder; or procures the person’s own separation from the armed forces by knowing false representation or deliberate concealment as to the person’s eligibility for that separation.

A person subject to this title who effects an enlistment or appointment in or a separation from the armed forces of any person who is known to the person to be ineligible for that enlistment, appointment, or separation because it is prohibited by law, regulation, or order shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title is guilty of forgery and shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, with intent to defraud: falsely makes or alters a signature to, or any part of, a writing which would, if genuine, apparently impose a legal liability on another or change the person’s legal right or liability to the person’s prejudice; or utters, offers, issues, or transfers such a writing, known by the person to be so made or altered.

A person subject to this title who, wrongfully and falsely, makes, alters, counterfeits, or tampers with a military or official pass, permit, discharge certificate, or identification card shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who wrongfully sells, gives, lends, or disposes of a false or unauthorized military or official pass, permit, discharge certificate, or identification card, knowing that the pass, permit, discharge certificate, or identification card is false or unauthorized, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who wrongfully uses or possesses a false or unauthorized military or official pass, permit, discharge certificate, or identification card, knowing that the pass, permit, discharge certificate, or identification card is false or unauthorized, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person wrongfully and willfully impersonates: an officer or a noncommissioned officer; an agent of superior authority of one of the armed forces; or an official of a government. A person subject to this title who, wrongfully, willfully, and with intent to defraud, impersonates a person referred to in subsection (a)(1), (2), or (3) of this section shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who, wrongfully, willfully, and without intent to defraud, impersonates an official of a government by committing an act that exercises or asserts the authority of the office that the person claims to have shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is not authorized to wear an insignia, decoration, badge, ribbon, device, or lapel button; and wrongfully wears such insignia, decoration, badge, ribbon, device, or lapel button upon the person’s uniform or civilian clothing.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, with intent to deceive: signs a false record, return, regulation, order, or other official document, knowing it to be false; or makes any other false official statement knowing it to be false. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: takes an oath that: is administered in a matter in which such oath is required or authorized by law; and is administered by a person with authority to do so; and on such oath, makes or subscribes to a statement that is false and at the time of taking the oath, the person does not believe the statement to be true.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: having been a prisoner as the result of a court–martial conviction or other criminal proceeding, is on parole with conditions; and violates the conditions of parole.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, without proper authority, sells or otherwise disposes of, willfully or through neglect damages, destroys, or loses, or willfully or through neglect suffers to be lost, damaged, destroyed, sold, or wrongfully disposed of any military property of the United States or of any state.

A person subject to this title shall secure all public property taken from the enemy for the service of the United States, and shall give notice and turn over to the proper authority without delay all captured or abandoned property in the person’s possession, custody, or control. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: fails to carry out the duties prescribed in subsection (a) of this section; buys, sells, trades, or in any way deals in or disposes of captured or abandoned property, whereby the person receives or expects any profit, benefit, or advantage to the person or another directly or indirectly connected with the person; or engages in looting or pillaging.

A person subject to this title who willfully or recklessly wastes, spoils, or otherwise willfully and wrongfully destroys or damages any property other than military property of the United States or of any state shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: with the intent to obstruct the correspondence of, or to pry into the business or secrets of, any person or organization, wrongfully takes mail matter before the mail matter is delivered to or received by the addressee; or wrongfully opens, secretes, destroys, or steals mail matter before the mail matter is delivered to or received by the addressee.

A person subject to this title who, willfully and wrongfully, hazards or suffers to be hazarded any vessel or aircraft of the armed forces shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who negligently hazards or suffers to be hazarded any vessel or aircraft of the armed forces shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is the driver of a vehicle that is involved in an accident that results in personal injury or property damage; and wrongfully leaves the scene of the accident: without providing assistance to an injured person; or without providing personal identification to others involved in the accident or to appropriate authorities. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is a passenger in a vehicle that is involved in an accident that results in personal injury or property damage; is the superior commissioned or noncommissioned officer of the driver of the vehicle or is the commander of the vehicle; and wrongfully and unlawfully orders, causes, or permits the driver to leave the scene of the accident: without providing assistance to an injured person; or without providing personal identification to others involved in the accident or to appropriate authorities.

A person subject to this title who is drunk on duty shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who, as a result of indulgence in an alcoholic beverage or drug, is incapacitated for the proper performance of duty shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who is a prisoner and, while in such status, is drunk shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who wrongfully uses, possesses, manufactures, distributes, imports into the customs territory of the United States, exports from the United States, or introduces into an installation, vessel, vehicle, or aircraft used by or under the control of the armed forces of the United States or of any state military forces a substance described in subsection (b) of this section shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. The substances referred to in subsection (a) of this section are: opium, heroin, cocaine, amphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, methamphetamine, phencyclidine, barbituric acid, and cannabis and any derivative of any such substance or compound; any substance not specified in item (1) of this subsection that is listed on a schedule of controlled substances prescribed by the President for the purposes of the Uniform Code of Military Justice of the armed forces, 10 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.; and any other substance not specified in item (1) of this subsection or contained on a list prescribed by the President under item (2) of this subsection that is listed in schedules I through V of article 202 of the Controlled Substances Act, 21 U.S.C. § 812.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Blood alcohol content limit” means the amount of alcohol concentration in a person’s blood or breath at which operation or control of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel is prohibited. “United States” includes the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: operates or physically controls a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel in a reckless or wanton manner or while impaired by a substance described in § 13A–1036.1(b) of this subtitle; or operates or is in actual physical control of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel while drunk or when the alcohol concentration in the person’s blood or breath is equal to or exceeds the applicable limit under subsection (c) of this section. For purposes of subsection (b) of this section, the applicable limit on the alcohol concentration in a person’s blood or breath is: in the case of the operation or control of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel in the United States, the lesser of: the blood alcohol content limit under the law of the state in which the conduct occurred, except as may be provided under paragraph (3) of this subsection for conduct on a military installation that is in more than one state; or the blood alcohol content limit specified in subsection (d) of this section; in the case of the operation or control of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel outside the United States, the blood alcohol content limit specified in subsection (d) of this section or such lower limit as the Secretary of Defense may by regulation prescribe; and in the case of a military installation that is in more than one state, if those states have different blood alcohol content limits under their respective state laws, the blood alcohol content limit selected by the Secretary to apply uniformly on that installation. For purposes of subsection (c) of this section, the blood alcohol limit with respect to alcohol concentration, as shown by chemical analysis: in a person’s blood is 0.08 grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood; and in a person’s breath is 0.08 grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath. The Secretary may by regulation prescribe limits that are lower than the limits specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection if such lower limits are based on scientific developments as reflected in federal law of general applicability.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person engages in conduct that: is wrongful and reckless or is wanton; and is likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm to another person. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: fights or promotes, or is concerned in or connives at fighting a duel; or having knowledge of a challenge sent or about to be sent, fails to report the facts promptly to the proper authority. A person subject to this title who, willfully and wrongfully, discharges a firearm under circumstances such as to endanger human life shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who unlawfully carries a dangerous weapon concealed on or about the person shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who wrongfully communicates a threat to injure the person, property, or reputation of another shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. A person subject to this title who wrongfully communicates a threat to injure the person or property of another by use of an explosive, a weapon of mass destruction, a biological or chemical agent, substance, or weapon, or a hazardous material shall be punished as a court–martial may direct. In this subsection, “false threat” means a threat that, at the time the threat is communicated, is known to be false by the person communicating the threat. A person subject to this title who maliciously communicates a false threat concerning injury to the person or property of another by use of an explosive, a weapon of mass destruction, a biological or chemical agent, substance, or weapon, or a hazardous material, shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who causes or participates in a riot or breach of the peace shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who uses provoking or reproachful words or gestures towards another person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

In this section, “computer” has the meaning stated in 18 U.S.C. 1030. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: knowingly accesses a government computer with an unauthorized purpose, and by doing so obtains classified information, with reason to believe such information could be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation, and intentionally communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted such information to any person not entitled to receive it; intentionally accesses a government computer with an unauthorized purpose, and thereby obtains classified or other protected information from any such government computer; or knowingly causes the transmission of a program, information, code, or command, and as a result of such conduct, intentionally causes damage without authorization to a government computer.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: knowing it to be false or fraudulent: makes a claim against the United States or an officer thereof; or presents to a person in the civil or military service thereof, for approval or payment, a claim against the United States or an officer thereof; or for the purpose of obtaining the approval, allowance, or payment of a claim against the United States or an officer thereof, makes or uses a writing or other paper knowing it to contain one or more false or fraudulent statements.

A person subject to this title is guilty of perjury and shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person, in a judicial proceeding or in a course of justice, willfully and corruptly: on a lawful oath or in any form allowed by law to be substituted for an oath, gives false testimony material to the issue or matter of inquiry; or in a declaration, certificate, verification, or statement under penalty of perjury as permitted under section 28 U.S.C. 1746, subscribes any false statement material to the issue or matter of inquiry.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person induces and procures another person to take an oath and to falsely testify, depose, or state on such oath, if: the oath is administered with respect to a matter for which such oath is required or authorized by law; the oath is administered by a person having authority to do so; on the oath, the other person willfully makes or subscribes a statement; the statement is material; the statement is false; and when the statement is made or subscribed, the person subject to this title and the other person do not believe that the statement is true.

A person subject to this title who engages in conduct involving a person against whom the accused had reason to believe there were or would be criminal or disciplinary proceedings pending, with intent to influence, impede, or otherwise obstruct the due administration of justice shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: knows that another person has committed a serious offense; wrongfully conceals the commission of the offense; and fails to make the commission of the offense known to civilian or military authorities as soon as possible.

A person subject to this title who, in the presence of a court–martial, a board of officers, a military commission, a court of inquiry, a preliminary hearing, or an officer taking a deposition, of or for the United States, wrongfully refuses to qualify as a witness or to answer a question after having been directed to do so by the person presiding shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title who, knowing that one or more persons authorized to make searches and seizures are seizing, are about to seize, or are endeavoring to seize property, destroys, removes, or otherwise disposes of the property with intent to prevent the seizure thereof shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if the person: is responsible for unnecessary delay in the disposition of a case of a person accused of an offense under this title; or knowingly and intentionally fails to enforce or comply with a provision of this title regulating the proceedings before, during, or after trial of an accused.

A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if, having reason to believe that an adverse administrative proceeding is pending against a person subject to this title, the person wrongfully acts with the intent: to influence, impede, or obstruct the conduct of the proceeding; or otherwise to obstruct the due administration of justice.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Covered individual or organization” means a recipient of a communication specified in clauses (i) through (v) of 10 U.S.C. 1034(b)(1)(B). “Inspector General” has the meaning stated in 10 U.S.C. 1034(j). “Protected communication” means: a lawful communication to a Member of Congress or an Inspector General; or a communication to a covered individual or organization in which a member of the armed forces complains of, or discloses information that the member reasonably believes constitutes evidence of: a violation of law or regulation, including a law or regulation prohibiting sexual harassment or unlawful discrimination; or gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety. A person subject to this title shall be punished as a court–martial may direct if, with the intent to retaliate against a person for reporting or planning to report a criminal offense, or making or planning to make a protected communication, or with the intent to discourage a person from reporting a criminal offense or making or planning to make a protected communication, the person: wrongfully takes or threatens to take an adverse personnel action against a person; or wrongfully withholds or threatens to withhold a favorable personnel action with respect to a person.

A commissioned officer, cadet, or candidate who is convicted of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman shall be punished as a court–martial may direct.

Subject to subsection (b) of this section, though not specifically mentioned in this title, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the State military forces and all conduct of a nature to bring discredit on the State military forces, and crimes both federal and State and offenses not capital, shall be taken cognizance of by a court–martial and punished at the discretion of a military court. Where a crime constitutes an offense that violates both this title and the criminal laws of the state where the offense occurs or criminal laws of the United States, jurisdiction of the military court must be determined in accordance with § 13A–102 of this title.