Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a person driving or otherwise in charge of a motor vehicle may not leave it unattended until the engine is stopped, the ignition locked, the key removed, and the brake effectively set. A person driving or otherwise in charge of a motor vehicle may not leave the motor vehicle unattended until, if the vehicle is on a grade, the front wheels are turned to the curb or side of the highway. When a cat or dog is left in the unattended vehicle of an on–duty law enforcement officer or an animal control officer, the provisions of subsection (a) of this section do not apply to the law enforcement officer or the animal control officer. Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to a person who: Is in charge of a motor vehicle that has had the engine started using a remote keyless ignition system and has been operating unattended for up to 5 consecutive minutes when the vehicle is not in motion; or Allows a motor vehicle that is locked and is on private property not open to the public to operate unattended for up to 5 consecutive minutes when the vehicle is not in motion.

The driver of a vehicle may not back it unless the movement can be made safely and without interfering with other traffic. The driver of a vehicle may not back it on any shoulder or roadway of any controlled access highway.

Except as provided in subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section, a person may not drive any vehicle on a sidewalk or sidewalk area unless it is a permanent or authorized temporary driveway. For the purposes of this subsection, “bicycle” does not include “moped”, as defined in § 11–134.1 of this article. Unless prohibited by local ordinance, a person may ride a bicycle, play vehicle, or unicycle on a sidewalk or sidewalk area. In a place where a person may ride a bicycle on a sidewalk or sidewalk area, a person may also ride a bicycle from the curb or edge of the roadway in or through a crosswalk to the opposite curb or edge of the roadway. Unless prohibited by local ordinance, an individual with a disability may use a special vehicle other than a wheelchair on sidewalks or sidewalk areas. An individual may use a wheelchair on sidewalks or sidewalk areas in accordance with § 21–501.1 of this title.

A person may not drive a vehicle if it is so loaded or there is in the front seat so many passengers as to: Obstruct the view of the driver to the front or sides of the vehicle; or Interfere with the control of the driver over the driving mechanism of the vehicle. A passenger in a vehicle may not ride in any position where he: Interferes with the view of the driver to the front or sides of the vehicle; or Interferes with the control of the driver over the driving mechanism of the vehicle. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection and subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, a person may not drive a vehicle on a highway with any object, material, or obstruction so located in or on the vehicle as to interfere with the clear view of the driver through the windshield. This subsection does not apply to: Required or permitted equipment of the vehicle; Adjustable, nontransparent sun visors that are not attached to glass; or Direction, destination, or termini signs on any passenger common carrier motor vehicle. A person may not drive a vehicle on a highway with any object, material, or obstruction hanging from the rearview mirror that interferes with the clear view of the driver through the windshield. A police officer may enforce this paragraph only as a secondary action when the police officer detains a driver of a motor vehicle for a suspected violation of another provision of the Code. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a person may not drive a vehicle with any sign, poster, card, sticker, or other nontransparent material on the windshield, side wings, or side or rear windows of the vehicle. This subsection does not apply to: Nontransparent material placed on the windshield of a motor vehicle above the AS1 line or not lower than 5 inches from the top of the windshield, whichever is less, if the materials are placed so as not to interfere with the driver’s clear view of traffic; Materials placed on the windshield or rear window, within a 7 inch square area in the lower corner, if the materials are placed so as not to interfere with the driver’s clear view of traffic; Materials placed on the side windows of a Class A (passenger) vehicle to the rear of the driver, if the materials are placed so as not to interfere with the driver’s clear view of traffic; Materials placed on the side or rear windows of a Class M (multipurpose) vehicle or Class E (truck) vehicle provided that the vehicle is equipped with two outside rearview mirrors, one each attached to the right and left side of the vehicle; Materials placed on the windshield in compliance with security measures required by a federal or State government agency, provided that the decal is affixed to the vehicle in accordance with the issuing agency’s guidelines; Direction, destination, or termini signs on any passenger common carrier motor vehicle; or An electronic toll collection device placed on the windshield of a vehicle in accordance with the guidelines established by the Maryland Transportation Authority.

A person may not open the door of a motor vehicle on any side available to moving traffic unless: It is reasonably safe to do so; and It can be done without interfering with the movement of other traffic. A person may not leave a door open on any side of a vehicle available to moving traffic for any period longer than necessary to load or unload passengers.

A person may not occupy any mobile home while it is being towed on a highway. The driver of a vehicle may not permit any person to occupy a mobile home that is being towed on a highway by the driver.

Subject to subsection (c) of this section, this section applies to: A truck that has a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds or more; and A truck/trailer or truck tractor/semitrailer or trailer combination that has a combined gross vehicle weight rating of 10,001 pounds or more. While a vehicle subject to this section is being operated on a highway: The driver may not allow a person to occupy the area of the vehicle primarily intended to carry cargo; and A person may not occupy the area of the vehicle primarily intended to carry cargo. This section does not apply to: An attendant delegated to care for livestock; A vehicle that is controlled or operated by a farmer and is: Used to transport agricultural products, farm machinery, or farm supplies to or from a farm; Not used in the operations of a common or contract motor carrier; and Used within 150 miles of the farmer’s farm; A vehicle owned or operated by the U.S. Department of Defense if the vehicle is controlled or operated by: Active duty military personnel; or A member of the military reserves or National Guard on active duty, including personnel on full-time National Guard duty and personnel on part-time training; or A vehicle traveling at a speed of not more than 25 miles per hour.

If a motor vehicle is traveling on a downgrade, the driver of the motor vehicle may not coast with the gears or transmission in neutral. If a truck or bus is traveling on a downgrade, the driver of the truck or bus may not coast with the clutch disengaged.

Unless he is on official business, the driver of a vehicle may not: Follow within 500 feet of any fire apparatus traveling in response to a fire alarm; or Drive or park within 300 feet of any fire apparatus stopped in response to a fire alarm. The driver of a vehicle may not pass an emergency vehicle within 100 feet of an entrance ramp of a fire or rescue station when the emergency vehicle is in the process of parking or backing.

Unless he has the consent of the fire department official in command, the driver of a vehicle may not drive over any unprotected hose of a fire department that is laid down on any highway or private driveway.

A person may not drop, throw, or place on a highway any glass bottle, glass, nails, tacks, wire, cans, or any other substance likely to injure any person, animal, or vehicle on the highway. Any person who drops, throws, or places or permits to be dropped, thrown, or placed on a highway any destructive, hazardous, or injurious material immediately shall remove it or cause it to be removed. Any person removing a wrecked or damaged vehicle from a highway also shall remove from the highway any glass or other injurious substance dropped from the vehicle. A person may not throw, dump, discharge, or deposit any trash, junk, or other refuse on any highway or public bridge or in any public waters. The owner of the vehicle, if present in the vehicle, or, in his absence, the driver of the vehicle is presumed to be responsible for any violation of this section, if: The violation is caused by an occupant of the vehicle; The vehicle has two or more occupants; and It cannot be determined which occupant is the violator. A violation of this section is considered a moving violation for purposes of § 16-402 of this article.

A person may not turn off any vehicle lights to avoid identification.

A person may not obscure or modify any vehicle registration plate in a manner that may prevent identification. A violation of this section is a moving violation for the purpose of the assessment of points under § 16–402 of this article. A police officer may enforce this section only as a secondary action when the police officer detains a driver of a motor vehicle for a suspected violation of another provision of the Code.

A person may not place any structure, building, or vehicle on a highway to sell or display any produce or merchandise if it constitutes a traffic hazard. In Prince George’s County, a person may not sell or display any produce or merchandise on State highways in a manner that constitutes a traffic hazard. On the order of any police officer, the person shall: Remove the structure, building, or vehicle described under subsection (a) of this section; or Cease any activity prohibited under this section.

A person may not drive on any new roadway or newly repaired roadway before it is opened to traffic. A person may not walk on any new roadway or newly repaired roadway before the roadway is opened to traffic. A person may not willfully injure or damage any highway, including a highway under construction. A person may not willfully injure or damage any work, material, or structure used in connection with the construction of a highway.

A person may not move any light or guard placed for the purpose of closing any part of a highway to traffic. A person may not remove any light or guard placed for the purpose of closing any part of a highway to traffic. A person may not alter the position of any light or guard placed for the purpose of closing any part of a highway to traffic.

Except as provided in § 21–1211 of this title, on any highway or on any private property that is used by the public in general, a person may not drive a vehicle in a race or speed contest, whether or not on a wager or for a prize or reward. Except as provided in § 21–1211 of this title, a person may not participate as a timekeeper or flagman in any race or speed contest specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a person convicted of a violation of subsection (a)(1) of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 60 days or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both. A person convicted of a violation of subsection (a)(1) of this section that results in serious bodily injury to another person, as defined in § 20–102(c) of this article, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both.

In this section, “exhibition driving” means the operation of a motor vehicle in close proximity to a crowd or gathering in a manner that intentionally results in two or more of the following: The excessive, abrupt acceleration or deceleration of the motor vehicle; The skidding, squealing, burning, or smoking of the tires of the motor vehicle; The swerving or swaying of the motor vehicle from side to side while accelerating; The engine of the motor vehicle producing an unreasonably loud, raucous, or disturbing noise; or The grinding of the gears of the motor vehicle or the backfiring of the engine of the motor vehicle; Any of the wheels of the motor vehicle losing contact with the ground; or The transportation of a passenger on or in an area of a motor vehicle that is not designed or intended for passenger transport such as the hood or roof. On any highway or on any private property that is used for driving by the public in general, a person may not engage in exhibition driving. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 60 days or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both. A person convicted of a violation of this section that results in serious bodily injury to another person, as defined in § 20–102(c) of this article, is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both. A court may consider in defense of a charge for exhibition driving: With respect to activity described in subsection (a)(1) or (2) of this section, that the individual driving the motor vehicle acted in a reasonable manner for safety purposes; or With respect to activity described in subsection (a)(6) of this section, that the individual driving the motor vehicle was participating in a properly permitted parade at the time of the alleged violation.

This section applies throughout this State, whether on or off a highway. For purposes of this section, any noise level above that adopted by the Administrator under § 22-601 of this article is excessive. A person may not drive a motor vehicle in any improper manner intended to cause skidding. A person may not drive a motor vehicle in any improper manner intended to cause spinning of wheels. A person may not drive a motor vehicle in any improper manner intended to cause excessive noise.

The driver of a school bus: Is responsible for its operation; and May not drive it into any roadway without first stopping and determining that there is no danger from any other vehicle. The person responsible for any pupils on a school bus is: The teacher on the bus; or If a teacher is not present, the driver. A person responsible for pupils on a school bus may not permit the number of standing pupils to exceed one pupil for each part of the aisle that is bounded on both sides by forward facing seats. A person responsible for pupils on a school bus may not permit any pupil to stand if the school bus is equipped only with lengthwise or a combination of lengthwise and forward facing seats. A person responsible for pupils on a school bus may not permit any pupil to stand in front of the stanchion and guardrail. A person responsible for pupils on a school bus may not permit any pupil to operate the front door opening mechanism, except in an emergency. A person responsible for pupils on a school bus may not require any pupil to sit on the floor. Except for the driver and any fuel station attendant, a person may not occupy a school bus while it is being supplied with fuel. Either the driver or an adult aide assigned to each school vehicle that is used to transport handicapped children shall be certified as having successfully completed a first aid-safety course approved by the Department of Education.

In this section, “snow tires” means those tires that are in a good state of repair and that: Are normally designated by their manufacturer as snow tires; Are approved by the Administrator as meeting the standards of effectiveness required of normally designated snow tires; or Have antiskid patterns cut into the treaded surfaces to form bars, buttons, or blocks specially designed to give effective traction on snow or ice-covered highways. Subject to the prior approval of the governing body of the county affected, the State Highway Administration may designate, as it considers appropriate, any State highway, as defined in § 8-101 of this article, as a “snow emergency route”. When a highway is so designated, appropriate signs indicating this designation shall be placed along the highway. The Secretary of State Police or the Secretary’s representative may declare a snow emergency for all snow emergency routes as a whole or for any one or more snow emergency routes, as the Secretary or the Secretary’s representative considers necessary. The snow emergency shall continue in effect until the Secretary or the Secretary’s representative declares it to be no longer necessary. A person may not drive or attempt to drive a motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, on any highway that is designated and appropriately signposted as a snow emergency route and for which a snow emergency has been declared and is in effect, unless the vehicle is equipped with chains or snow tires on at least one wheel at each end of a driving axle. A person may not park a vehicle on any highway that is designated and appropriately signposted as a snow emergency route and for which a snow emergency has been declared and is in effect. The Department of State Police or the police of any political subdivision of this State may have any vehicle parked in violation of this subsection towed from the highway.

A person may not drive a motor vehicle on any highway or on any private property that is used by the public in general in this State while the person is wearing over or in both ears earplugs. A person may not drive a motor vehicle on any highway or on any private property that is used by the public in general in this State while the person is wearing over or in both ears a headset. A person may not drive a motor vehicle on any highway or on any private property that is used by the public in general in this State while the person is wearing over or in both ears earphones attached to a radio, tape player, or other audio device. The provisions of subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section do not apply to: A person engaged in the operation of either special construction equipment or equipment for use in the maintenance of any highway; A person engaged in the operation of refuse collection equipment who is wearing a safety headset or safety earplugs; A person wearing personal hearing protectors in the form of custom earplugs or molds that are designed to reduce injurious noise levels. However, custom plugs or molds shall be designed in such a manner as to not inhibit the wearer’s ability to hear a siren or horn from an emergency vehicle or a horn from another vehicle; or A person wearing a prosthetic device used to aid the hard of hearing. The provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of this section do not apply to a person operating an authorized emergency vehicle under emergency conditions. The provisions of subsection (b) of this section do not apply to a person operating an authorized emergency vehicle: Under emergency conditions; or Who is wearing a headset for the purpose of communicating with other emergency personnel.

This section applies only to a Class E (truck) vehicle registered or of a type capable of being registered in this State as a Class E (truck) vehicle with a manufacturer’s rated capacity of 3/4 ton or less, the gross vehicle weight of which does not exceed 7,000 pounds. Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, this section does not apply to: A vehicle traveling at a speed of not more than 25 miles per hour; or The transportation of: An employee to or from a work site by the employer of the employee; or An individual in a vehicle engaged in farming operations. This subsection may not be construed as to eliminate applicable child safety seat and seat belt requirements under §§ 22-412.2 and 22-412.3 of this article. An individual may not drive a Class E (truck) vehicle on a highway in the State while a passenger under the age of 16 years is riding in an unenclosed bed of the vehicle.

In this section, “sound amplification system” means a compact disc player, a radio, a tape player, or a similar device. This section does not apply to: Authorized emergency vehicles; Vehicles operated by communications, electric, gas, or water utilities; A sound amplification system operated to request assistance or to warn of a hazardous situation; or Unless otherwise prohibited by local law, a sound amplification system used for advertising, parades, or for political or other special events. When a motor vehicle is being operated on a highway, the driver of the vehicle may not operate or permit the operation of a sound amplification system from the vehicle that can be heard outside the vehicle from 50 or more feet. A violation of this section is not considered a moving violation for purposes of § 16–402 of this article.

The provisions of this subsection do not apply if the holder of the provisional driver’s license is driving while accompanied by and under the immediate supervision of an individual who: Is at least 21 years old; Has been licensed for at least 3 years in this State or in another state to drive vehicles of the class then being driven by the holder of the provisional driver’s license; and Is seated beside the holder of the provisional driver’s license. Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, a holder of a provisional driver’s license who is under the age of 18 years may not drive a motor vehicle with a passenger under the age of 18 years. The prohibition under paragraph (2) of this subsection: Shall be in effect from the date the provisional license is originally issued until the 151st day after the provisional license was issued; and Does not apply to a passenger who is: A spouse, daughter, son, stepdaughter, stepson, sister, brother, stepsister, or stepbrother of the licensee; or A relative of the licensee who resides at the same address as the licensee. A police officer may enforce this section only as a secondary action when the police officer detains a driver for a suspected violation of another provision of the Code. A violation of this section is a moving violation for the purposes of § 16-402 of this article. If the Administration receives satisfactory evidence that an individual has violated this section, the Administration may suspend or revoke the individual’s driver’s license. An individual may request a hearing as provided for a suspension or revocation under Title 16, Subtitle 2 of this article.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “9–1–1 system” has the meaning stated in § 1–301 of the Public Safety Article. “Wireless communication device” means a handheld or hands–free device used to access a wireless telephone service. This section does not apply to the use of a wireless communication device: To contact a 9–1–1 system; or As a text messaging device as defined in § 21–1124.1 of this subtitle. An individual who is under the age of 18 years may not use a wireless communication device while operating a motor vehicle. If the Administration receives satisfactory evidence that an individual has violated this section, the Administration: May suspend the individual’s driver’s license for not more than 90 days; and May issue a restricted license for the period of suspension that is limited to driving a motor vehicle: In the course of the individual’s employment; For the purpose of driving to or from a place of employment; or For the purpose of driving to or from school. An individual may request a hearing as provided for a suspension or revocation under Title 12, Subtitle 2 of this article.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “9–1–1 system” has the meaning stated in § 1–301 of the Public Safety Article. “Text messaging device” means a handheld device used to send a text message or an electronic message via a short message service, wireless telephone service, or electronic communication network. Subject to subsection (c) of this section, an individual may not use a text messaging device to write, send, or read a text message or an electronic message while operating a motor vehicle in the travel portion of the roadway. This section does not apply to the use of: A global positioning system; or A text messaging device to contact a 9–1–1 system. If the Administration receives satisfactory evidence that an individual who is under the age of 18 years has violated this section, the Administration: May suspend the individual’s driver’s license for not more than 90 days; and May issue a restricted license for the period of suspension that is limited to driving a motor vehicle: In the course of the individual’s employment; For the purpose of driving to or from a place of employment; or For the purpose of driving to or from school. An individual may request a hearing as provided for a suspension or revocation under Title 12, Subtitle 2 of this article.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Handheld telephone” means a handheld device used to access wireless telephone service. “9–1–1 system” has the meaning stated in § 1–301 of the Public Safety Article. This section does not apply to: Emergency use of a handheld telephone, including calls to: A 9–1–1 system; A hospital; An ambulance service provider; A fire department; A law enforcement agency; or A first aid squad; Use of a handheld telephone by the following individuals when acting within the scope of official duty: Law enforcement personnel; and Emergency personnel; Use of a handheld telephone as a text messaging device as defined in § 21–1124.1 of this subtitle; and Use of a handheld telephone as a communication device utilizing push–to–talk technology by an individual operating a commercial motor vehicle, as defined in 49 C.F.R. Part 390.5 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. The following individuals may not use a handheld telephone while operating a motor vehicle: A driver of a Class H (school) vehicle that is carrying passengers and in motion; and A holder of a learner’s instructional permit or a provisional driver’s license who is 18 years of age or older. This subsection does not apply to an individual specified in subsection (c) of this section. A driver of a motor vehicle that is in motion may not use the driver’s hands to use a handheld telephone other than to initiate or terminate a wireless telephone call or to turn on or turn off the handheld telephone. A person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to the following penalties: For a first offense, a fine of not more than $75; For a second offense, a fine of not more than $125; and For a third or subsequent offense, a fine of not more than $175. Points may not be assessed against the individual under § 16–402 of this article unless the offense contributes to an accident. The court may waive a penalty under subsection (e) of this section for a person who: Is convicted of a first offense under this section; and Provides proof that the person has acquired a hands–free accessory, an attachment or add–on, a built–in feature, or an addition for the person’s handheld telephone that will allow the person to operate a motor vehicle in accordance with this section.

A person may not commit a violation of § 21–1124.1 or § 21–1124.2 of this subtitle that causes an accident that directly results in the death or, as defined in § 20–102(c) of this article, serious bodily injury of another person. A person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not exceeding $5,000 or both. A sentence imposed under this section shall be separate from and concurrent with any other sentence imposed for any crime based wholly or partly on the act establishing the violation of this section.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, a person may not drive a low speed vehicle: On a highway for which the posted maximum speed limit exceeds 30 miles per hour; On an expressway or another controlled access highway that is signed in accordance with § 21-313 of this title; On a highway on which driving a low speed vehicle is prohibited by a county or municipal ordinance; or Across a highway for which the posted maximum speed limit exceeds 45 miles per hour, except at an intersection that is controlled by: A traffic control signal; or A stop sign at each approach to the intersection.

In this section, “violation” means: A violation of the Maryland Vehicle Law that is punishable by a sentence of imprisonment; or A violation of § 21–901.1(a) of this title. A person may not commit or engage another person to commit a violation for the purpose of filming, videotaping, photographing, or otherwise recording the violation unless the person obtains written permission for the commission of the violation from: The Secretary of State Police, or the Secretary’s designee; or The chief executive officer of the governing body of the county in which the violation is to occur, or the chief executive officer’s designee. A person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both.

An individual may not operate for hire a motor vehicle designed to carry 15 or fewer passengers, including the driver, unless the individual holds a valid for–hire driver’s license or transportation network operator’s license issued by the Public Service Commission or the appropriate local authority. A person may not allow an individual to operate for hire a motor vehicle designed to carry 15 or fewer passengers, including the driver, unless the individual operating the motor vehicle holds a valid for–hire driver’s license or transportation network operator’s license issued by the Public Service Commission or the appropriate local authority. A person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 1 year or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Dirt bike” means any motorcycle or similar vehicle that is not required to be registered under Title 13 of this article. “Dirt bike” includes: A motorized minibike, as defined in § 11–134.4 of this article; and An all–terrain vehicle with either 3 or 4 wheels. “Dirt bike” does not include: A moped, as defined in § 11–134.1 of this article; or A motor scooter, as defined in § 11–134.5 of this article. “Service station” means a place of business where motor fuel is sold and delivered into the fuel supply tanks of motor vehicles. This section applies only in Baltimore City. This section does not apply to an owner or employee of a service station who is subject to the provisions of the Baltimore City Code prohibiting the selling, transferring, or dispensing of motor fuel for delivery into a dirt bike. A person may not dispense motor fuel into a dirt bike from a retail pump at a service station. A person convicted of a violation of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 90 days or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both. Subject to subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph and notwithstanding any other law, if a minor is the defendant or child respondent in a proceeding under this section, the court may order that a fine imposed under this subsection be paid by: The minor; A parent or guardian of the minor; or Both the minor and a parent or guardian of the minor. A court may not order a parent or guardian of a minor to pay a fine under this paragraph unless the parent or guardian has been given a reasonable opportunity to be heard and to present evidence. A hearing under this subparagraph may be held as part of the sentencing or disposition hearing. If a person is convicted of a violation of this section, the court shall notify the Administration of the conviction. Subject to the provisions of paragraph (3) of this subsection, on receipt of the notice described under paragraph (1) of this subsection the Administration: For a first violation, may suspend the person’s driver’s license for up to 30 days; and For a second or subsequent violation, shall suspend the person’s driver’s license for 30 days. Subject to the provisions of Title 12, Subtitle 2 of this article, a licensee may request a hearing on a suspension under this section.

A person may not drive a motor vehicle on a highway if the motor vehicle is equipped with television–type receiving equipment or video display equipment, as defined under § 22–414.1 of this article, that is turned on and displaying an image visible to the driver.

An individual under the age of 16 years may not operate an all–terrain vehicle or a snowmobile on public property unless the individual is accompanied by an adult who holds a valid driver’s license.

Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person may not knowingly or intentionally cause a diesel–powered motor vehicle to discharge clearly visible smoke, soot, or other exhaust emissions onto another person or motor vehicle. This section does not apply to a person operating: A diesel–powered vehicle that discharges visible exhaust as the result of normal acceleration or towing; A commercial vehicle with a gross weight of 10,000 pounds or more; or A construction vehicle operating at a construction site.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Exhibition driving within a special event zone” means: The operation of a motor vehicle within a special event zone in a manner that results in: The excessive, abrupt acceleration or deceleration of the motor vehicle; The skidding, squealing, burning, or smoking of the tires of the motor vehicle; The swerving or swaying of the motor vehicle from side to side while skidding; The engine of the motor vehicle producing an unreasonably loud, raucous, or disturbing noise; The grinding of the gears of the motor vehicle or the backfiring of the engine of the motor vehicle; or Any of the wheels of the motor vehicle losing contact with the ground; or The transportation of a passenger within a special event zone on or in an area of a motor vehicle that is not designed or intended for passenger transport such as the hood or roof. “Special event” means any automotive or motor vehicle event occurring on or in close proximity to a highway that: Has been permitted or approved by a unit of local government; or Is expected to have 1,000 or more individuals in attendance, regardless of whether the event has been permitted or approved by a unit of local government. “Special event zone” means an area on or along a highway that is marked by appropriate warning signs or other traffic control devices designating the area as a special event zone, indicating that a special event is in progress, and stating that a person who violates this section is subject to arrest. “Special event zone” includes a parking structure, a parking lot, a street, or any other property, private or public, immediately adjacent to the marked area on or along the marked area. The State Highway Administration may, on its own initiative or at the request of a local authority: Designate an area on a State highway as a special event zone; and Reduce established speed limits in the special event zone after a determination that the change is necessary to ensure public safety. A local authority may: Designate an area on a highway under its jurisdiction as a special event zone; and Reduce established speed limits in the special event zone after a determination that the change is necessary to ensure public safety. A speed limit established under this subsection shall become effective when posted. A person may not engage in exhibition driving within a special event zone. A person may not commit any of the following violations within a special event zone: Driving a motor vehicle at a speed exceeding the posted speed limit; Negligent driving under § 21–901.1(b) of this title; Driving a motor vehicle in a race or speed contest under § 21–1116(a)(1) of this subtitle that does not result in serious bodily injury to another person, as defined in § 20–102(c) of this article; Participating in a race or speed contest under § 21–1116(a)(2) of this subtitle; or Skidding, spinning of wheels, or causing excessive noise under § 21–1117 of this subtitle. A person convicted of a violation of subsection (c) of this section is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 60 days or a fine not exceeding $1,000 or both. A person convicted of a violation of subsection (d) of this section is subject to a fine not exceeding $1,000.

Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person may not drive, stand, or park a vehicle in a dedicated bus lane unless authorized by the local jurisdiction in which the dedicated bus lane is located. The following vehicles may be driven, allowed to stand, or, as appropriate, parked in a dedicated bus lane: A transit vehicle owned, operated, or contracted for by the Maryland Transit Administration, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, or a local department of transportation; A school bus; A bicycle; An emergency vehicle; and A vehicle making a right turn at the next immediate intersection.

In this section the following words have the meanings indicated. “Agency” means: A law enforcement agency of the State or a local political subdivision that is authorized to issue a citation for a violation of the Maryland Vehicle Law or of local traffic laws or regulations; For a municipal corporation that does not maintain a police force, an agency established or designated by the municipal corporation to use bus lane monitoring systems in accordance with this section; or A local, regional, or statewide transit agency or authority, including the Maryland Transit Administration and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. “Bus lane monitoring system” means an enforcement system, including an onboard or fixed monitoring system, that is designed to capture a recorded image of a motor vehicle during the commission of a violation. “Bus lane monitoring system operator” means a representative of an agency or a contractor that operates a bus lane monitoring system. “Owner” means the registered owner of a motor vehicle or a lessee of a motor vehicle under a lease of 6 months or more. “Owner” does not include: A motor vehicle leasing company; or A holder of a special registration plate issued under Title 13, Subtitle 9, Part III of this article. “Recorded image” means an image recorded by a bus lane monitoring system: On: A photograph; A microphotograph; An electronic image; Videotape; or Any other visual medium; and Showing a motor vehicle and, on at least one image or portion of the recording, clearly identifying the registration plate number of the motor vehicle. “Violation” means a violation of § 21–1133 of this subtitle. An agency may use a bus lane monitoring system that meets the requirements of this subsection to record the images of motor vehicles during the commission of a violation. A bus lane monitoring system may be used only: When being operated by a bus lane monitoring system operator; If, in accordance with the Maryland Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: A conspicuous road sign is placed at a reasonable distance consistent with national guidelines alerting drivers that a bus lane monitoring system may be in operation in the bus lane; or A conspicuous sign is affixed to the transit vehicle alerting drivers that the vehicle is equipped with a bus lane monitoring system; and If the system produces video for each alleged violation that allows for the differentiation between a vehicle that is driving, standing, or parked in a dedicated bus lane in violation of § 21–1133 of this subtitle and a vehicle that is lawfully stopped or moving in order to execute a right turn at an intersection. A bus lane monitoring system may retain only the images of vehicles that contain evidence of a violation. Recorded images from a bus lane monitoring system: That contain evidence of a violation may be retained for up to 6 months or 60 days after final disposition of the citation, whichever is later; That do not contain evidence of a violation shall be destroyed within 15 days after the recorded images were first captured; and May not be used for any purpose other than as evidence of a violation without a warrant, subpoena, or court order. A bus lane monitoring system may not use biometric identification techniques, including facial recognition technology. A bus lane monitoring system operator shall complete training by the manufacturer of the bus lane monitoring system in the procedures for setting up, testing, and operating the bus lane monitoring system. On completion of the training, the manufacturer shall issue a signed certificate to the bus lane monitoring system operator. The certificate of training shall be admitted as evidence in any court proceeding for a violation. A bus lane monitoring system operator shall fill out and sign a daily set–up log for each bus lane monitoring system that: States the date and time when the system was set up; States that the bus lane monitoring system operator successfully performed, and the device passed, the manufacturer–specified self–tests of the bus lane monitoring system before producing a recorded image; Shall be kept on file; and Shall be admitted as evidence in any court proceeding for a violation. A bus lane monitoring system shall undergo an annual calibration check performed by an independent calibration laboratory. The independent calibration laboratory shall issue a signed certificate of calibration after the annual calibration check that: Shall be kept on file; and Shall be admitted as evidence in any court proceeding for a violation of § 21–1133 of this subtitle. Unless the driver of the motor vehicle received a citation from a police officer at the time of the violation, the owner or, in accordance with subsection (h)(5) of this section, the driver of a motor vehicle is subject to a civil penalty if the motor vehicle is recorded by a bus lane monitoring system during the commission of a violation. A civil penalty under this section may not exceed $75. For purposes of this section, the District Court shall prescribe: A uniform citation form consistent with subsection (f)(1) of this section and § 7–302 of the Courts Article; and A civil penalty, which shall be indicated on the citation, to be paid by persons who choose to prepay the civil penalty without appearing in District Court. Subject to the provisions of paragraphs (2) through (5) of this subsection, an agency or a contractor of the agency shall mail to the owner liable under subsection (e) of this section a citation that shall include: The name and address of the registered owner of the vehicle; The registration number of the motor vehicle involved in the violation; The violation charged; To the extent possible, the location of the violation; The date and time of the violation; A copy of the recorded image; The amount of the civil penalty imposed and the date by which the civil penalty must be paid; A signed statement by a police officer employed by the local law enforcement agency that, based on inspection of the recorded images, the motor vehicle was being operated during the commission of a violation; A statement that the recorded image is evidence of a violation; and Information advising the person alleged to be liable under this section: Of the manner and time in which liability as alleged in the citation may be contested in the District Court; and That failure to pay the civil penalty or to contest liability in a timely manner is an admission of liability and may result in refusal or suspension of the motor vehicle registration. Subject to subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph, an agency may mail a warning notice in place of a citation to the owner liable under subsection (e) of this section. An agency shall mail a warning notice in place of a citation to an owner liable under subsection (e) of this section for a violation recorded by a bus lane monitoring system during the first 45 days that the bus lane monitoring system is in operation. Before mailing a citation to a motor vehicle rental company liable under subsection (e) of this section, an agency shall mail a notice to the motor vehicle rental company stating that a citation will be mailed to the motor vehicle rental company unless, within 45 days after receiving the notice, the motor vehicle rental company provides the agency with: A statement made under oath that states the name and last known mailing address of the individual driving or renting the motor vehicle when the violation occurred; A statement made under oath that states that the motor vehicle rental company is unable to determine who was driving or renting the vehicle at the time the violation occurred because the motor vehicle was stolen at the time of the violation; and A copy of the police report associated with the motor vehicle theft claimed under item A of this item; or Payment for the penalty associated with the violation. An agency may not mail a citation to a motor vehicle rental company liable under subsection (e) of this section if the motor vehicle rental company complies with subparagraph (i) of this paragraph. Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection and subsection (h)(5) of this section, a citation issued under this section shall be mailed not later than 2 weeks after the alleged violation. A person who receives a citation under paragraph (1) of this subsection may: Pay the civil penalty, in accordance with instructions on the citation, directly to the local jurisdiction; or Elect to stand trial in the District Court for the alleged violation. To mail the citation or warning notice, the Baltimore City Police Department or a contractor of the police department shall use: The current mailing address on file with the Administration; or If a mailing address is unavailable, the current residential address on file with the Administration. A certificate alleging that a violation occurred, sworn to or affirmed by a duly authorized law enforcement officer employed or under contract with an agency, based on inspection of a recorded image produced by a bus lane monitoring system, shall be evidence of the facts contained in the certificate and shall be admissible in any proceeding concerning the alleged violation without the presence or testimony of the bus lane monitoring system operator who performed the requirements under subsection (c) of this section. If a person who received a citation under this section desires a bus lane monitoring system operator to be present and testify at trial, the person shall notify the court and the agency in writing not later than 20 days before trial. On request of a person who received a citation under this section, video of the alleged violation shall be made available to the person. Video evidence made available under subsubparagraph 1 of this subparagraph shall be admitted as evidence in any court proceeding for a violation of § 21–1133 of this subtitle. Adjudication of liability shall be based on a preponderance of evidence. The District Court may consider in defense of an alleged violation: Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, that the motor vehicle or registration plates of the motor vehicle were stolen before the violation occurred and were not under the control or in the possession of the owner at the time of the violation; Subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection, evidence that the person named in the citation was not operating the vehicle at the time of the violation; and Any other issues and evidence that the District Court deems relevant. To demonstrate that the motor vehicle or the registration plates were stolen before the violation occurred and were not under the control or in the possession of the owner at the time of the violation, the owner shall submit proof that a police report about the stolen motor vehicle or registration plates was filed in a timely manner. To satisfy the evidentiary burden under paragraph (1)(ii) of this subsection, the person named in the citation shall provide to the District Court evidence to the satisfaction of the District Court of who was operating the vehicle at the time of the violation, including, at a minimum, the operator’s name and current address. This paragraph applies only to a citation that involves a Class E (truck) vehicle with a registered gross weight of 26,001 pounds or more, a Class F (tractor) vehicle, a Class G (trailer) vehicle operated in combination with a Class F (tractor) vehicle, and a Class P (passenger bus) vehicle. To satisfy the evidentiary burden under paragraph (1)(ii) of this subsection, the person named in a citation described under subparagraph (i) of this paragraph may provide to the District Court a letter, sworn to or affirmed by the person and mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, that: States that the person named in the citation was not operating the vehicle at the time of the violation; and Provides the name, address, and driver’s license identification number of the person who was operating the vehicle at the time of the violation. If the District Court finds that the person named in the citation was not operating the vehicle at the time of the violation or receives evidence under paragraph (4)(ii)2 of this subsection identifying the person driving the vehicle at the time of the violation, the clerk of the court shall provide to the agency a copy of any evidence substantiating who was operating the vehicle at the time of the violation. On the receipt of substantiating evidence from the District Court under subparagraph (i) of this paragraph, an agency may issue a new citation as provided in subsection (f) of this section to the person that the evidence indicates was operating the vehicle at the time of the violation. A citation issued under subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph shall be mailed not later than 2 weeks after receipt of the evidence from the District Court. If the civil penalty is not paid and the violation is not contested, the Administration may refuse to register or reregister the motor vehicle. A violation for which a civil penalty is imposed under this section: Is not a moving violation for the purpose of assessing points under § 16–402 of this article and may not be recorded by the Administration on the driving record of the owner or driver of the vehicle; May be treated as a parking violation for purposes of § 26–305 of this article; and May not be considered in the provision of motor vehicle insurance coverage. In consultation with the appropriate local government agencies, the Chief Judge of the District Court shall adopt procedures for the issuance of citations, trials for violations, and the collection of civil penalties imposed under this section. The standards and requirements for the use, processing, and disposal of recorded images and associated data established under § 12–113.1 of this article apply to citations issued under this section. An agency or a contractor designated by the agency shall administer and process civil citations issued under this section in coordination with the District Court. If a contractor provides, deploys, or operates a bus lane monitoring system for an agency, the contractor’s fee may not be contingent on the number of citations issued or paid.

In this section, “exposed vehicle surface” includes for a vehicle: The hood; The trunk; The windshield; Each window; The roof; The cab of a commercial or noncommercial truck; and The top of: A trailer or semitrailer being towed by a motor vehicle; and A commercial trailer or semitrailer. Except as provided in subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph, a person may not operate or tow a vehicle without making reasonable efforts to remove from exposed vehicle surfaces, before operation or towing, accumulated snow and ice that poses a threat to persons or property. The prohibition under subparagraph (i) of this paragraph does not apply if compliance with the prohibition would: Cause the operator of the vehicle to violate any law or regulation regarding workplace safety; or Threaten the health or safety of the operator of the vehicle. Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a police officer may enforce paragraph (1) of this subsection only as a secondary action when the police officer detains a driver of a motor vehicle for a suspected violation of another provision of the Code. A person who is convicted of a violation of paragraph (1) of this subsection while operating or towing a noncommercial vehicle is subject to: For a first offense, a fine of $25; For a second offense, a fine of $50; For a third offense, a fine of $100; and For a fourth or subsequent offense, a fine of $200. A person who is convicted of a violation of paragraph (1) of this subsection while operating or towing a commercial vehicle is subject to: For a first offense, a fine of $75; For a second offense, a fine of $150; For a third offense, a fine of $300; For a fourth offense, a fine of $600; and For a fifth or subsequent offense, a fine of $1,000. Except as provided in subsubparagraph 2 of this subparagraph, each day that a violation occurs or continues is a separate violation of paragraph (1) of this subsection. A person may not be found to have violated paragraph (1) of this subsection more than once in any 24–hour period. A person may not commit a violation of subsection (b)(1) of this section that contributes to an accident that results in property damage or the death of or, as defined in § 20–102 of this article, serious bodily injury to another person. A person who is convicted of a violation of paragraph (1) of this subsection is subject to: For a violation that occurred while operating or towing a noncommercial vehicle, a fine of not less than $200 and not more than $1,000; or For a violation that occurred while operating or towing a commercial vehicle, a fine of not less than $500 and not more than $1,500.