The standards, requirements and procedures set forth in this chapter are applicable to equipment originally installed by the manufacturer or required by federal or State requirements on passenger cars, taxicabs, light trucks 10,000 pounds and under GVWR, vans, multipurpose passenger vehicles with a chassis capacity up to 10,000 pounds, and type II school vehicles. Any questions regarding passenger cars, taxicabs, light trucks, vans, multipurpose passenger vehicles with a chassis capacity up to 10,000 pounds, and type II school vehicle standards or specifications shall be referred to the Automotive Safety Enforcement Division of the Maryland State Police. Any person constructing or reconstructing these types of vehicles shall assure the vehicle meets or exceeds all applicable federal or State safety standards. Three-wheel multipurpose vehicles which have an enclosed occupant compartment shall meet all established minimum standards for four-wheel multipurpose vehicles with the exception of headlamps. If a three-wheel multipurpose vehicle which has an enclosed occupant compartment is constructed with one wheel in the front and the design of the vehicle's body is such that two headlamps are impractical, one headlamp meeting established minimum standards for motorcycles will be acceptable if the vehicle is equipped with parking lamps, turn signal lamps, and side marker lamps, as required, which adequately indicate the extreme width of the vehicle front and rear. Vehicles specially constructed as an exact replica of a previously manufactured vehicle, which have been designated or otherwise would qualify as an historic vehicle or a vehicle of unique interest as defined by the Motor Vehicle Administration for registration of these original vehicles, shall meet all applicable established minimum standards for vehicles of the same model year in which the vehicle is actually constructed and titled with the following exceptions: Regulation 10A(2)(c), side marker lamps: If the original counterpart of the specially constructed vehicle was manufactured without side marker lamps, side marker lamps are not required on the exact replica; Regulation .08A: If the original counterpart of the specially constructed vehicle was manufactured without fenders or with fenders which do not meet current established minimum standards, the specially constructed vehicle need only conform to the exact design of its original counterpart to meet the requirements for fenders; Regulation .07A: If the original counterpart of the specially constructed vehicle was manufactured without bumpers, with concealed bumpers, or with bumpers which do not meet current established minimum standards, the specially constructed vehicle need only conform to the exact design of its original counterpart to meet the requirements for bumpers; Regulation .10A(1)(c)(iv), red high mounted stop lamp: If the original counterpart of the specially constructed vehicle was manufactured without a red high mounted stop lamp, a red high mounted stop lamp is not required on the exact replica; and The Division Commander may authorize in writing a waiver of additional inspection requirements to be consistent with the original vehicle counterpart. Steering. Inspect the entire steering system including steering wheel, steering column, lash, linkage, free play, and power steering for missing, loose, damaged, or worn parts. Steering Wheel. The steering wheel shall be inspected to determine if it is circular (complete rim) and free of cracks, breaks, or objects which will interfere with the safe steering of the vehicle. The inspection will also be to determine that the steering wheel is original equipment or equivalent, including diameter. Energy Absorbing Steering Column. To determine if the components are capable of functioning as designed, a careful inspection shall be performed, and include any objects on the steering column. An external examination of either shear pins or collapsible mesh-type material shall also be performed. Lash. Travel. Linkage. Power Steering. Figure 2 STEERING LASH OR FREE PLAY. Wheel Alignment. There are five basic factors which are the foundations to front wheel alignment: caster, camber, toe-in, steering axis inclination, and toe-out on turns. All are mechanically adjustable except steering axis inclination and toe-out on turns. Overall front wheel alignment can be somewhat grossly indicated by measurement of front wheel toe. Excessive toe-in or toe-out is a general indication that a complete check should be made of all front wheel alignment factors. Rear wheel misalignment on vehicles with fixed rear suspension can be caused by broken or damaged springs, trailing rods, or center bolts and improper toe or camber adjustment on vehicles with independent rear suspension. If during road test there are no undesirable steering or handling reactions, caster and camber check is not necessary. Caster. Caster is the forward or backward tilt, from vertical of the spindle support arm at the top. Improper caster can cause hard steering, low speed shimmy, wander, and brake pull problems. Camber. Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the top of the wheel from vertical. Improper camber can cause erratic tire wear problems, hard steering, and wander. Rear Wheel Alignment. Figure 6 CASTER ANGLES. Suspension. Inspect the suspension system for missing, broken, damaged, worn, rusted, or modified wheel bearings, ball joints, control arms, springs, torsion bars or frame that would affect vehicle stability. Ball Joints. In checking for motion of ball joints, check in accordance with manufacturer's specifications, keep in mind that the load carrying joint is unloaded in procedures(a) and (b), and that a pry bar pressure sufficient only to lift the weight of the wheel assembly is required. If the inspector uses the “leverage” of a pry bar to exert excessive pressure, he can easily force an apparent ball joint movement and get a false reading. This may result in expensive replacement of perfectly good joints. Therefore, only a 12-inch to 18-inch pry bar should be used. Ball joints should be properly lubricated before inspection. Ball Joints. Inspection of ball joints on models before 1973 shall be performed with the joints unloaded. Beginning with some 1973 models, however, some manufacturers provide a wear-indicating ball joint to facilitate inspection in which case a visual inspection is made with joints loaded. Ball Joints. Inspection of nonload carrying ball joints shall also be performed with the joints unloaded. With the vehicle properly jacked, inspect for any noticeable looseness. (See Figures 8 and 9) King Pin or Spindle Bolts. Inspection of king pins or spindle bolts shall be made to determine if there are any missing, broken or worn parts that may affect the steering or suspension of the vehicle. Wheel Bearings. Wheel bearings out of adjustment can cause wander, unequal brake action, and noise due to interference of parts. Wheel bearings should be properly lubricated prior to inspection. Springs and Torsion Bars. Loose, sagging, or broken springs or torsion bars, worn or deteriorated bushings, loose or extended shackles and loose or mislocated U-bolts, suspension modifications or broken center bolts, can cause vehicle handling instability and brake pull. Shock Absorbers/Shock Struts. Figure 8 BALL JOINT JACKING PROCEDURE — HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT. Service Brake Performance Tests. Road tests and visual procedures. Service brake tests shall be conducted on a substantially level, dry, hard, smooth surface road or area that is free from loose material, oil, or grease. Using the service brake only, the stopping ability of the vehicle shall be tested by one of the following methods: Station test and visual inspection procedures. Before attempting inspection by this method, the inspector should be trained and experienced in the use of the equipment and the equipment must have adequate capacity. Dynamic Brake Inspection. This test is for stations equipped with a roller-type brake dynamometer. The rollers should be dry, smooth, and free of oil or grease. The machine indicates both braking effort and imbalance. Brakes on front and rear axles are evaluated separately. Hydraulic System. Tests and visual inspection procedures. Recommended for inspection programs which must accommodate a large volume of vehicles. Results will indicate whether or not a vehicle has reasonably safe brakes at the time of inspection. The engine shall be running when checking vehicles with power assisted hydraulic systems. These procedures are applicable to vehicles equipped with hand controls for the physically handicapped. At least one front and one opposite rear wheel shall be removed for brake inspection. When any deficiency is noted upon inspection of a wheel pulled, the other wheel on the same axle shall also be pulled for complete brake inspection. Always inspect a brake assembly which shows evidence of leaking fluid or grease. Do not remove wheel cylinder dust boots for inspection. Leakage can be determined by pushing on the outside of the boot. Drums and Discs. Many of today's vehicles have a combination of disc (caliper) type brakes on the front wheels and drum-type brakes on the rear wheels. On vehicles equipped with disc brakes some drag can be felt when turning the wheel and tire. This drag is not excessive if the wheel can be turned readily with both hands. Annually all wheels and brake drums shall be removed for brake inspection on type II school vehicles. Linings and Pads. Remove at least one front and one rear wheel and drum assembly on opposite sides for inspection of linings on drum brakes. On vehicles equipped with disc brakes, only removal of the wheel is necessary. When any deficiency is noted in the linings or pads on the wheel pulled, the linings or pads for the other wheel on the same axle shall also be inspected. Mechanical Linkage. Includes the service brake mechanism, parking brake, and manual controls on vehicles equipped for physically handicapped persons. Vacuum/Hydraulic Booster System. Parking Brake. Parking Brake Function. Parking brakes on most vehicles function through at least one set of the rear service brake shoes. A few vehicles have disc-type service brakes on all four wheels which makes it necessary to have separate drums for the parking brakes. These drums and linings shall be inspected in a manner similar to that for service drum brakes. Any parking brake shall hold a stopped vehicle firmly on all normal road grades. Brake Performance Chart. This deceleration as measured in brake tests cannot be used to compute the values in column 4 because it is not sustained at the same rate over the entire period of the stop. The deceleration increases from zero to a maximum during a period of brake system application and brake force build-up. Also, other factors may cause the deceleration to decrease after reaching a maximum. The added distance which results because a maximum deceleration is not sustained is included in the figures in column 4 but is not indicated by usual brake testing devices for checking deceleration. There is a definite mathematical relationship between the figures in columns 2 and 3. If the decelerations set forth in column 3 are divided by 32.2 feet per second per second, the column 2 figures will be obtained. (For example, 17 divided by 32.2 gives 52.8 percent.) Column 2 is included in the tabulation because certain brake testing devices utilize this factor. The decelerations in column 3 are an indication of the effectiveness of the basic brakes and, as measured in practical brake testing, are the maximum braking decelerations attained at sometime during the stop. The distances in column 4 and the decelerations in column 3 are not directly related. Brake system “application and braking distance in feet” (column 4) is a definite measure of the overall effectiveness of the braking system, being the distance traveled between the point at which the driver starts to move the braking controls and the point at which the vehicle comes to rest. It includes distance traveled while the brakes are being applied and the distance traveled while the brakes are retarding the vehicle. The distance traveled during the period of brake system application and brake force build-up varies with vehicle type, being negligible for many passenger cars and greatest for combinations of commercial vehicles. This fact accounts for the variation from 20 to 40 feet in the numerical values in column 4 for the various classes of vehicles. The deceleration requirement in column 3 is the same for all classifications of vehicles except for passenger vehicles, not including buses, because brakes on vehicles in the second, third and fourth classifications are all capable with reasonable maintenance of producing the designated deceleration as measured by brake testing devices. A higher deceleration requirement is warranted for passenger cars in view of United States Department of Transportation/Federal Highway Administration Test Data. Decelerometers. The method of brake system application and braking distance is not to be confused with the distance indicated by the inertia-type decelerometer and other existing brake testers, which often are purported wrongly to measure the vehicle stopping distance. The pendulum and U-tube decelerometers used for brake testing are instruments scaled to read deceleration or equivalent braking force (sometimes referred to as brake efficiency) in percentages. The principle of the pendulum-type decelerometer is that a pendulum on a vehicle moving at a uniform speed will assume a vertical position. When the vehicle speed is reduced by application of the brakes, the pendulum will swing forward to an angle away from the vertical. The tangent of the angle through which the pendulum moves is directly proportional to the deceleration. Basically, the U-tube fluid-type instrument is a closed glass tube formed in the shape of a U. When vehicle speed is reduced by braking, the inertia of the fluid causes the level in the glass tube to fall. The distance the level of the liquid falls is proportional to the deceleration in feet per second per second, which is read from a scale on the front part of the glass tube. The vehicle will normally pitch because the lines of action of the inertia and braking forces are different. In order to minimize erroneous responses, the decelerometer, if used, should be put as close to the center of the vehicle as practical. Brake Testing Machines. These types of brakes testers measure braking force at each wheel. The effectiveness of the brake testers that measure braking force in the testing of vehicles other than passenger vehicles or light trucks is very questionable. The dimensions of these brake testers do not permit practical and reliable testing on combination vehicles. Use should therefore be restricted to two-axle vehicles. The simulated road surface of these machines will occasionally exhibit much higher coefficients of friction than is possible on the highway. Excessive braking should therefore be avoided, because braking distribution information is distorted. For drive-on-and-stop test machines, the vehicle is driven on the pads at speeds of 4 to 8 mph. When the brakes are applied at the time the vehicle is moving on the pads, the braking effort at each wheel causes a proportionate movement of the pad against the measuring system. The braking force on the pads is measured by indicating or recording instruments. The roller-type brake testing machine has powered rollers that turn the individual wheels while the brakes are applied in order to measure the brake force developed. Test Wheel Equipment. Any type of fifth or test wheel equipment can be used, provided it obtains the following results: It shall measure the distance within plus or minus 3 percent of the values obtained by the “hot-shot” method, which uses an electrically fired gun. The road speed of the test wheel shall be measured with a speedometer designed to hold the indicating hand at the speed from which the stop is initiated. The speedometer shall indicate the speed to within plus or minus 2 percent of the speed timed with a stopwatch over a measured mile. Definitions. “Brake system” means a combination of one or more brakes and their related means of operation and control. “Deceleration” means the rate of reduction of the speed of the vehicle, expressed in feet per second per second. “Equivalent braking ratio” means the percentage ratio of the sum of retarding forces developed by each braked wheel to the “as tested” gross weight of the vehicle or combination. “Emergency brake system” means a brake system used for retarding and stopping the vehicle in the event of a malfunction in the service brake system. (This function may be performed by the parking brake system or by a portion of the service brake system, or by a separate brake system.) “Parking brake system” means a brake system used to hold and maintain a vehicle in a stationary position. (A positive mechanical means is employed to hold the brake applied when the vehicle is unattended.) “Pedal reserve” as applied to hydraulic, mechanical or power-assisted hydraulic brakes, means the amount of total pedal travel left in reserve when the pedal is depressed to the brake-applied position. (The purpose of the pedal reserve check is to ascertain the degree of the brake adjustment and to demonstrate satisfactory brake actuating system condition.) “Service brake system” means a brake system used for retarding, stopping, and controlling the vehicle under normal operating conditions. “Stopping distance” means the distance traveled by a vehicle from the point of application of force to the brake control, to the point at which the vehicle reaches a full stop. Figure 16, TIRE CONSTRUCTION . Figure 17, TIRE WEAR. Reference is made to the figures in additional wheel and tire information for visual aid in determining tire wear. This inspection is visual. The fuel system includes the fuel tank, fuel pump, and necessary piping to carry the fuel from the tank to the carburetor or to the injection system. The engine shall be running when inspecting this system for leaks. The exhaust system includes the exhaust manifold and all piping leading from the flange of the exhaust manifold, to and including the muffler, resonator, and the tail piping. Bumpers shall be inspected for broken or missing parts, abnormal protrusions, sharp edges, or conditions that could be hazardous to persons. The bumpers shall be securely mounted to the vehicle and be capable of absorbing a reasonable degree of impact. They shall be the original equipment or equivalent and extend the full width of the vehicle. Bumper extensions or modifications to compensate for suspension changes are not acceptable. Bumper height shall be no higher than 20 inches for Class A passenger vehicles and no higher than 28 inches for Class E light trucks or Class M multipurpose passenger vehicles. Fender inspection shall include condition, mounting, and coverage of wheels and tires. Rear fenders are defined as the rear quarter panel of vehicle from the rearmost door opening rearward and from the window or trunk, or both, opening downward to the extreme bottom edge. Figure 19 FENDERS. Body exterior components and sheet metal parts, if damaged or dislocated so that they project from the vehicle to present a safety hazard to occupants, pedestrians, or other vehicles, may be cause for rejection of the vehicle. Procedures: Reject Vehicle If: (1) Protruding Metal. Inspect for torn metal parts, moldings, rub rails, etc., which may protrude from vehicle. (1) (a) Body components and sheet metal are subject to rejection if a condition exists which is hazardous to occupants, pedestrians, or other vehicles. (b) Torn metal, broken glass, or other loose or dislocated parts protrude from the surface of the vehicle which is hazardous to occupants, pedestrians, or other vehicles. General Lamp and Reflector Inspection. This includes all original equipment, exterior lighting plus whatever lights are authorized. Preparation for Headlamp Aim Inspection. Preparation for headlamp and aim inspection to be done by owner of vehicle before inspection. Frame leveling is done at the station. Any one of the items listed below can affect the inspection results causing rejection of the vehicle. To prevent this and reduce inspection time, the inspector should have the first four of these items checked before inspection. Headlamps. Vehicle shall be equipped with either a dual headlighting system consisting of four 5-3/4 inch diameter units, two of which shall be No. 1 and two of which shall be No. 2; or four 6-1/2 × 4-1/4 inch rectangular units, two of which shall be No. 1A and two of which shall be No. 2A; or four 5.93 × 3.64 inch rectangular-type F units, two of which shall be LF units and two of which shall be UF units; or a single headlighting system consisting of two 7 inch units; or two 8 × 5 inch rectangular units; or an approved bulb and reflector-type system. All units bearing the marking No. 2 shall be inspected and aimed on low beam. All bearing the marking No. 1 or no number will be inspected and aimed on high beam. Headlamp inspection and aiming by the photoelectric-optical method requires a level area sufficient for the vehicle and test equipment. The test equipment shall be accurately calibrated to the floor and accurately aligned to the vehicle. Additional lighting information is contained in §§F, G, and H (limits are in inches at 25 feet). Labeling requirements for sealed beam headlamps manufactured on or after July 1, 1979: 5-3/4 inch type 1-1C1, type 2-2C1; 6-1/2 inch × 4-1/4 inch type 1A-1A1, type 2A-2A1; 7 inch type 2-2D1; 8 inch × 5 inch type 2B-2B1; type F 5.93 inch by 3.64 inch—low beam—LF, high beam—UF. Type F units require special aimer adapter and must be aimed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Bulb and reflector-type headlamps currently approved contain a 9004 Sylvania bulb in a normal reflector unit or an H-4 bulb in a sealed reflector unit. Sealed reflector units contain a glass bubble which encases the bulb when in place, which can be detected by removing the bulb and determining if the bubble exists. High Beam. Low Beam. Inspect the low beam headlamp in the same method indicated as for high beam. Always inspect the following sealed beam units on low beam only: 5-3/4 inch diameter or 4-1/4 × 6-1/2 inch rectangular units marked type 2 or type 2A and 7 inch diameter or 8 × 5 inch rectangular marked type 2 or 2B. Figure 23 HEADLAMPS. Headlamp (Applicable to Type II School Vehicles Only). In order to compensate for the various conditions of loading encountered during inspection, the frame or body floor will be made level before checking. This will provide a standard condition for inspecting all vehicles and may be accomplished by using a combination of blocks under the rear wheels or a lifting device (jack) or both for the front end. A spirit level may be placed on the frame side member. Place vehicle in a darkened location of sufficient size for the vehicle and an additional 25 feet from lamps to screen. An approved marked screen and adequate test area are required. Level the vehicle frame as described in §C(1). The vehicle shall be located accurately in front of the screen. Inspect the low beam headlamp in the same method indicated as for high beam. Always inspect the following sealed beam units on low beam only: 5-3/4 inch diameter or 6-1/2 × 4-1/4 inch rectangular units marked type 2 or 2A and 7 inch diameter or 8 × 5 inch rectangular units marked 2 or 2B. Figure 24 AIMING SCREEN BEAM PATTERN — HIGH BEAM. Fog Lamp and Auxiliary Driving Lamps. (A spot lamp is not considered an auxiliary driving lamp and has no set mounting height by law. Therefore, they need not be inspected.) If a vehicle is equipped with either fog lamps or auxiliary driving lamps they shall be properly aimed. Fog lamps shall be mounted on the front of the vehicle at a height not more than 30 inches or less than 12 inches above the level surface on which a vehicle stands. Only two fog lamps are allowed by law. Auxiliary driving lamps shall be mounted on the front of the vehicle at a height not more than 42 inches or less than 16 inches above the level surface on which the vehicle stands. Only two auxiliary lamps are allowed by law. The mounting heights of auxiliary driving lamps do not apply to emergency vehicles. Whenever a motor vehicle equipped with required headlamps also is equipped with any auxiliary lamps or a spot lamp or any other lamp on its front, projecting a beam of intensity greater than 300 candlepower, not more than four of these lamps on the front of a vehicle may be lighted at any one time when on a highway. Definitions. “Asymmetrical beam (nonsymmetrical)” means one in which both sides are not symmetrical with respect to the median vertical plane of the beam. All lower beams are asymmetrical. “Back-up” lamp means a lamp used to provide illumination behind the vehicle, and to provide an indicator when the vehicle is in reverse gear. “Cornering lamp” means a steadily burning lamp used when the turn signal system is operating to supplement the headlamps by providing additional road illumination in the direction of the turn. “Driving lamp” means an auxiliary lamp or lamps that may be used to supplement the upper beam of the regular headlamps. “Emergency warning lamp” means a lamp which provides a flashing light to identify an authorized vehicle on an emergency mission. The emergency signal may be an oscillating lamp, a rotating beacon or pairs of alternately or simultaneously flashing lamps. “Fog lamp” means a lamp which may be used with the lower beam headlights to provide illumination under condition of rain, snow, dust, or fog. “Hazard warning lamp” means a turn signal lamp which flashes simultaneously to warn of the presence of a vehicular hazard. Headlamps. 5-3/4 inch Round Sealed Beam Unit. “Type I sealed beam unit” means a sealed unit 5-3/4 inches in diameter having a single filament and providing only an upper beam distribution of light. This unit is identified by the number 1 on the lens and is aimed on the upper beam. “Type II sealed beam unit” means a sealed unit 5-3/4 inches in diameter having two filaments, one filament providing the lower beam and one filament providing fill-in light for the upper beam. This unit is identified by the number 2 on the lens and is aimed on the lower beam. 7" Round Sealed Beam Unit. A sealed unit 7 inches in diameter providing an upper and lower beam. This unit is identified by the number 2 on the lens and is aimed on the lower beam. No identifying Number on Lens. Sealed beam unit 7 inches in diameter providing an upper and lower beam. It is aimed on the upper beam. 8" × 5" Rectangular Sealed Beam Unit. Sealed beam unit providing an upper and lower beam. This unit is identified by the number 2B on the lens and is aimed on the lower beam. 6-1/2 × 4-1/4 inch Rectangular Sealed Beam Unit. Type 1A—sealed beam unit having a single filament and providing only an upper beam distribution of light. The unit is identified by the number 1A on the lens and is aimed on the upper beam. Type 2A—sealed beam unit having two filaments, one filament providing fill-in light for the upper beam. This unit is identified by the number 2A on the lens and is aimed on the lower beam. 5.93 × 3.64 inch Rectangular Sealed Beam Units. Type LF—sealed beam unit having a single beam filament and providing only a lower beam distribution of light. The unit is identified by the designation LF on the lens. A special aimer adapter is required for aiming and aiming must be accomplished in accordance with the manufacturers' recommended procedures. Type UF—sealed beam unit having a single beam filament and providing only an upper beam distribution of light. The unit is identified by the designation UF on the lens. A special aimer adapter is required for aiming and aiming (if applicable) must be accomplished in accordance with the manufacturers' recommended procedures. Bulb and Reflector Headlamps—A lamp assembly providing an upper and lower beam light by means of a replacement bulb. These lamps shall be capable of being aimed and are aimed on lower beam. They shall be capable of producing at least 3500 candlepower output on lower beam and 5000 candlepower on upper beam. “Headlamp lower beam” means a distribution of light as directed to avoid glare in the eyes of oncoming drivers while providing illumination ahead of the vehicle and intended for use in congested areas and on highways when meeting other vehicles within a distance of 500 feet. “Headlamp upper beam” means a distribution of light intended primarily for distant illumination and for use on the open highway when not meeting other vehicles. “Indicator lamp” means a lamp visible to the operator of a vehicle that indicates: Appropriate electrical circuits are in operation; Malfunction of vehicle performance; and Requirement for remedial action by the operator of the vehicle. “Lane changer” means a device, usually incorporated in the turn signal switch which will actuate the turn signal lamps when held by the driver. It is intended for momentary use for signaling a lane change. When released by the operator, it will return to neutral and deactivate the signal lamp. “License-plate lamp” means a lamp used to illuminate the license plate on the rear of a vehicle. “Operating units or switches” means devices by which the functioning of lamps are controlled. “Parking lamp” means lamps used to designate the front of a parked vehicle. “Passing lamp” means an auxiliary lamp or lamps that may be used to supplement the low beam of a standard headlamp system. It is not intended for winding roads or congested city areas. “Reflective device” means a device used on vehicles to give an indication to an approaching driver by reflected light from the headlamps of approaching vehicles. “SAE Lighting Identification Code” is a series of standardized markings for lighting devices which a manufacturer or a supplier may use to mark his product to indicate the SAE lighting standard or standards to which the device is designed to conform. The code is not intended to limit the manufacturer or supplier in applying other markings to the devices. “Sealed beam headlamp assembly” means a major lighting device used to provide general illumination ahead of the vehicle. It consists of the following: One or more sealed beam units (bulb assembly); Means for mounting securely to the vehicle; Means to permit required aim adjustment. “Sealed beam unit” means an integral and hermetically sealed optical assembly with the name “Sealed Beam” molded in the lens. “Side marker lamp” means a lamp on the left and right sides, beamed to the side, and intended to indicate vehicle length. They are located near the front and rear on each side and, for vehicles over 30 feet in length, are also located at the midpoint (intermediate side marker). “Stop lamp” means a lamp giving a steady warning light to the rear of the vehicle, to indicate the intention of the operator of the vehicle to reduce speed or stop. “Symmetrical beam” means one in which both sides are symmetrical with respect to the median vertical plane of the beam. Lamps having symmetrical beams are: 5-3/4 inch diameter type 1; 5-3/4 inch diameter type 2 (upper beam filament); 6-1/2 × 4-1/4 inch type 1A; 6-1/2 × 4-1/4 inch type 2A (upper beam filament); 8 × 5 inch type 2B (upper beam filament); All 7 inch diameter units (upper beam filament). “Tail lamp” means a lamp used to designate the rear of a vehicle. “Turn signal lamp” means a lamp which provides a flashing warning light to indicate the intended direction of the turn. SAE Identification Code (J759C SAE Handbook). The following list is an identifying code for lights and signaling devices: All equipment for testing headlamps shall comply with the Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice for Headlamp Inspection Equipment. Headlamp Testing Machines. Headlamp Testing Machine. When a headlamp testing machine is used, it shall give results equivalent to those obtained using a screen. It shall be in good repair and adjustment, and shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. A machine using a photoelectric cell or cells to determine aim should also have a visual screen upon which the beam pattern is projected proportionally to its appearance and aim on the screen at 25 feet. The visual screen shall be plainly visible to the operator and have horizontal and vertical reference lines to permit visual appraisal of the lamp beam. Mechanical Aimer (applicable to school vehicles only). When a mechanical aimer is used, it shall be in good repair and adjusted, and shall be used according to the manufacturer's instructions and shall be calibrated to the slope of the floor on which the vehicle stands. Screen (applicable to school vehicles only). When a screen is used, it should be 5' high × 12' wide with a matte white surface well shaded from extraneous light, and properly adjusted to the floor on which the vehicle stands. Provisions may be made for moving the screen so that it can be aligned parallel with the rear axle and so that a horizontal line drawn perpendicularly from the centerline of the screen will pass an equal distance midway between the two headlamps. The screen shall be provided with a fixed vertical centerline, two laterally adjustable vertical tapes, and one vertically adjustable horizontal tape. To save time, the inspector should develop his own plan or sequence for checking miscellaneous electrical items, many of which can be inspected while inspecting other items. Procedures: Reject Vehicle If: Inspect Electrical System. (1) Horn shall be securely fastened, produce audible but not harsh or loud sound, and have a horn button readily accessible to the operator. (1) Horn is: (a) Loose; (b) Fails to function; (c) Produces loud or harsh sound; (d) Not equipped with horn button within arm's reach of operator. (2) Switches shall all function properly. (2) Switches fail to function. (3) Wiring shall be well insulated. (3) Wiring: (a) Insulation is bare, cracked, or broken; (b) Shows evidence of burning or short-circuiting. (4) Connections shall be tight and secure. (4) Connections are loose or show signs of excessive corrosion. (5) Automatic Transmission Only. Neutral safety starting switch—Determine that starter operates with gear selector in P and N only. (5) Starter operates with gear selector in any gear other than P or N. (6) Battery—Check General Condition. (6) Battery: (a) Is cracked or broken; (b) Connections are loose or show signs of excessive corrosion; (c) Is not held down securely; (d) Vents are not open (if equipped); (e) Is low on fluid level (if applicable). Seats, Stanchions, Rails. Visors and Defroster. The sun visor shall be located in front and above the driver and passenger position. Heaters, Step or Stepwell, and Vents. Fire Extinguisher, First Aid Kit, and Tire Chains. Every school vehicle shall be equipped with a nontoxic dry chemical fire extinguisher having a rating of at least 5 lb./10 B.C. and equipped with a gauge, and first aid container mounted in plain view in the driver's compartment and, when applicable, tire chains. Warning Devices. Color, Signs, Lettering, Retro-Reflective Tape, and Identification. Outside Mirrors. All vehicles shall be equipped with an outside rearview mirror on the driver's side providing a view of the highway for a distance of at least 200 feet to the rear. Every school vehicle shall be equipped with at least one convex mirror not less than 7-1/2 inches in diameter which shall be firmly mounted on the left front corner forward of the seated driver so that he may observe a reflection of the road from the front bumper to a point where direct observation is possible. One outside rearview mirror on each side of the school vehicle shall be mounted forward of the driver's seat and have an area not less than 50 square inches (minimum 5" × 10" high). Additionally there shall be on each side of vehicle a convex mirror of not less than 20 square inches of reflective surface. The convex mirrors may be incorporated in the plain view rearview mirror provided the plain view reflective area is not reduced, or they may be mounted independently. Either type shall be independently adjustable. Inside Mirrors. All vehicles shall be equipped with an inside rearview mirror except as noted in §B(1)(b). The inside rearview mirror shall be adjustable and clear view glass and provide a clear stable reflected view 200 feet to the rear. School vehicles shall be equipped with at least a 5 × 10 inch mirror, metal backed, framed with rounded corners, and firmly mounted as far forward as possible and provide a clear stable reflected view of the road surface to the rear of the vehicle for a continual distance beginning not more than 200 feet to the rear. Safety glazing material is marked with the manufacturer's distinctive designation or trademark, model number, and the letters “AS” followed by a number from 1 through 16B, which indicates where the glazing may be used on the vehicle. Safety glazing material also has the symbol “DOT” (Department of Transportation) and a manufacturer’s code mark that the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) assigns to the manufacturer. Any questions regarding glazing shall be referred to the Automotive Safety Enforcement Division of the Department of State Police. Proper Marking and Operation. Signs and Materials on Windshield or Windows. Inspect all glazing for unauthorized material or conditions that obscure the driver's vision. Post Manufacture Window Tinting. Definitions. “Acute area” means the windshield area 8 inches wide by 5 inches high, located directly in front of the driver, centered vertically on the steering wheel of the vehicle and horizontally in the center of the critical area. “Cloudiness” means any degree of visible discoloration or separation, except tinting that does not affect clear vision. “Critical area” means the normal windshield wiper sweep, except the area obscured by the hood, fenders, or rearview mirror. “Discoloration” means a condition which impairs the transparency of the glazing. “Non-critical area” means all windshield area outside the critical area. “Normal windshield wiper sweep” means the area of the windshield cleaned by the windshield wiper, excluding the return position on both passenger's and driver's sides. Glazing Damage. The windshield wipers shall be inspected for operation, control, condition of blades and arms, or any missing part. Procedures: Reject Vehicle If: A. Windshield Wipers. (1) Inspect for satisfactory operation. (If vacuum operated, engine shall be idling and control full on.) Windshield shall be free of insects, oil film, or other foreign matter, and should be continuously wet when tested. Wetting the windshield during school vehicle inspection may be waived if water is unavailable or the outside temperature is at or below freezing. (2) Inspect for damage, torn, or hardened rubber elements of blades. (3) Inspect for damaged metal parts of wiper blades or arms. (4) Inspect for proper contact of blades with windshield. Raise arm away from windshield and release. Arm should return to original position and cause the wiper blades to firmly contact the windshield. A. (1) Wipers inoperative or cannot be controlled or operated by the driver. (2) A wiper arm or blade is broken or missing. (3) There is insufficient tension of arm to hold blade against windshield. (4) There are worn or deteriorated blades that do not clean the windshield (within 5 cycles applicable to school vehicles only). (5) Wiper arms and blades are not the proper size for the windshield. (6) Not equipped with on/off switch within arm's length of driver. (7) Arm(s) fail to return to park position. B. Windshield Washers (school vehicles only). (1) Inspect for proper operation of hand or foot control and an effective amount of fluid delivered to the outside of the windshield. System shall function regardless of outside temperatures. B. (1) Reservoir is empty. (2) System fails to function. (3) Fluid in system is frozen. (4) System does not provide fluid to the wiper area. Inspection shall consist of operation and presence of catches and safety catches; insuring that the hood covers at least the top part of the engine compartment; and, if equipped with an air scoop or bubble, same does not extend higher than 1/3 the vertical height of the windshield. Inspection of doors, handles, latches, and hinges applies to all vehicles originally manufactured with doors and all other vehicles which are equipped with doors. Doors—Service, Emergency (applicable to school vehicles only). Service doors may be split-type, sedan-type, or jackknife-type with vertical closing edges covered with flexible material. Floor and trunk pans shall be inspected for holes or rusted and weakened conditions. Speedometer and odometer will be inspected to determine if they are connected and operable, the dial and calibrations are legible, and calibrated in miles or kilometers. Program. The vehicle owner shall establish a program recording inspections, repairs, and maintenance by vehicle number, and include at least annually a complete preventive maintenance inspection conducted jointly with M.V.A., to assure that each vehicle is in compliance with all sections of this manual pertaining to school vehicles. When the wheels have been removed for inspection or maintenance, and after the wheels have been replaced, the vehicle shall be test-driven to assure there is no imbalance of brakes before the vehicle is released for pupil transportation. Before September of each year, the Administration shall determine that the annual preventive maintenance inspection on each vehicle has been performed within the previous 12 months, repaired or replaced systems or parts are operating properly, and the condition of the vehicle is in accordance with the established standards. The Administration shall require a wheel or wheels to be pulled by the vehicle owner or mechanic, to verify condition and repair of brakes and other systems. In the event of a change of vehicle ownership and before the vehicle is authorized to transport school children, the Administration shall conduct a preventive maintenance inspection and accomplishment of any maintenance found necessary before the vehicle can be placed in service. Preventive Maintenance Inspection. Regular Inspection. Regular inspections shall be performed twice annually as required. Inspect front driver's seat for proper operation of the adjusting mechanism and that seat is securely anchored to the floor, if the vehicle was originally manufactured with a front seat. Any motor vehicle manufactured or assembled after June 1, 1964, shall be equipped with two sets of seat belts on the front seat of the vehicle and any vehicle manufactured or assembled with a rear seat after June 1, 1969, shall be equipped with two sets of seat belts on the rear seat of the vehicle. This does not apply to any motorcycle, bus, truck, taxicab, or type II school vehicle. Motor mounts include any mounting or securing device designed to hold the motor in a stable position, if originally manufactured with motor mounts. Inspect the gear selection indicator for vehicles with automatic transmission only. Universal joints are found in most rear wheel drive vehicles which utilize a drive shaft to propel the rear wheels. Constant velocity joints are generally found on front wheel drive vehicles. This regulation does not apply to a: Class K (farm area) vehicle as defined in Transportation Article, §13-935, Annotated Code of Maryland; Class E (truck) vehicle registered or capable of being registered under Transportation Article, §13-917, Annotated Code of Maryland, if the vehicle manufacturer's original design specifications for bed enclosures have not been altered to increase the vehicle's load carrying capacity; Construction vehicle working within the confines of a public works construction work project site as outlined in the construction project's plans and specifications, provided the distance traveled does not exceed 1 mile or the distance specified in an extension granted by the Maryland Department of Transportation; Construction vehicle or mining equipment while crossing a highway between construction or mining sites; or Vehicle, within the Port of Baltimore for a distance not to exceed 1 mile, carrying a load of loose material between a stockpile or storage facility and a vessel docked at the Port. This regulation applies to a: Vehicle registered or capable of being registered under Transportation Article, §13-917, on which the manufacturer's original design specifications for bed enclosures have been altered to increase the vehicle's load; Part of the load touching any bed enclosure which is within 6 inches of the top of the enclosure that it touches; or Part of the load which is higher than any of the enclosures. After January 1, 1992, any vehicle on which the manufacturer's original design specification for bed enclosures has been altered to increase the vehicle's load capacity shall have the load covered with a firmly attached canvas or similar type covering regardless of how the vehicle is loaded. The requirements of this regulation apply only to the issuance and certification of a safety equipment repair order and do not apply to a complete inspection required upon sale or transfer of ownership of a used vehicle. A safety equipment repair order may be certified only if the cover is present, fully covers the top of the bed, and meets the requirements of this regulation. Transportation Article, §§12-104(b), 23-101—23-105, and 24-106.1, Annotated Code of Maryland Effective date: November, 1965 Chapter revised effective February 22, 1980 (7:4 Md. R. 348) Regulations .12B, F; .14A; .17B; and .20 amended effective January 23, 1981 (8:2 Md. R. 114) Chapter revised effective October 31, 1988 (15:22 Md. R. 2557) Regulation .01C amended effective February 1, 2012 (39:1 Md. R. 18) Regulation .05 amended effective April 1, 1991 (18:6 Md. R. 686) Regulation .06 amended effective April 1, 1991 (18:6 Md. R. 686); February 1, 2012 (39:1 Md. R. 18) Regulation .08 amended effective April 1, 1991 (18:6 Md. R. 686) Regulation .12F amended effective February 1, 2012 (39:1 Md. R. 18) Regulation .14 amended effective April 1, 1991 (18:6 Md. R. 686); August 21, 2000 (27:16 Md. R. 1526); February 1, 2012 (39:1 Md. R. 18) Regulation .17B amended effective February 1, 2012 (39:1 Md. R. 18) Regulation .26 adopted effective April 1, 1991 (18:6 Md. R. 686)